{"id":2579,"date":"2020-01-11T14:36:39","date_gmt":"2020-01-11T21:36:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drbarrick.org\/?p=2579"},"modified":"2020-06-12T15:45:15","modified_gmt":"2020-06-12T22:45:15","slug":"jordan-research-trip-post-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drbarrick.org\/?p=2579","title":{"rendered":"Jordan Research Trip, Post #8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Petra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The high isolated mesa of Rekem at the northwest corner of Petra Valley<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Match me such a marvel save in Eastern clime, a rose-red city half as old as time.<\/p>\u2014 John William Burgon<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Biblical Connections<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparing for a tour of Petra provides an opportunity to think about its biblical connections. Petra and its peoples’ histories begin with the history of Abraham’s descendants. When Abraham’s wife Sarah appeared to be barren, she gave him her handmaiden Hagar, so he could produce an heir (Genesis 16:1\u201314). Therefore, with Hagar Abraham produced Ishmael (Genesis 16:15\u201316). Thirteen years later, however, God promised Sarah would give birth to Isaac (Genesis 17), and about a year later, Sarah’s son was born (Genesis 21:1\u20138). This is the setting out of which the Nabataeans originated. Nebaioth, the father of the Nabataeans was the firstborn son of Ishmael (Genesis 25:13). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prior to Ishmael’s birth, God told Hagar her son would be “a wild donkey of a man, \/ His hand will be<\/em> against everyone, \/ And everyone’s hand will be<\/em> against him; \/ And he will live to the east of his brothers” (Genesis 16:12 NASU). First of all, these four poetic lines form a chiasm (ABB’A’) with the two central lines being the focus and the two external lines (1st and 4th) parallel each other. Lines 1 and 4 speak of where Ishmael shall dwell. Wild donkeys didn’t just survive, they prospered in wildernesses, deserts, and mountains (Job 24:5; 39:5\u20138). Ishmael possessed the survival skills of a wild donkey. So he and his descendants resided in the great expense of wilderness, desert, and mountains east of Canaan (specifically, east of the residences of Isaac in the Negev near Beer-lahai-roi; Genesis 24:62; 25:11; cp. 16:14), Gerar (Genesis 26:6), and Beersheba (Genesis 26:23). That region includes the Arabah south of the Dead Sea and the mountainous region of Seir southeast of the Dead Sea (see map in Post #7 under Edom, Edomites<\/strong>). The Ishmaelites inhabited the region between Havilah east of Egypt and extending toward Assyria including cities or villages like Dumah, Tema, and Kedemah (Genesis 25:12\u201318).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That’s but half of the story, since sixty years later, Isaac and Rebekah produced twins: Jacob and Esau (Genesis 25:19\u201326) who would divide the family over their sibling rivalry. Since Esau’s father Isaac was Ishmael’s half-brother, Ishmael was Esau’s uncle. Due to Esau’s alienation from Isaac and Jacob, he chose to marry his cousin Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael and sister of Nebaioth (Genesis 28:9). Thus the descendants of Nebaioth (the Nabataeans) descended from Ishmael, but were cousins to the descendants of the Edomites whose ancestral head was Esau. Esau, like his uncle Ishmael, was an expert outdoorsman and hunter (Genesis 25:27), perfectly suited for living in the wilderness, deserts, and mountains \u2014 places without fertile soil and abundant dew (Genesis 27:39). Such environments required the development of water systems conserving what little water would fall as rain (only 3\u20136 inches annually). The Edomites and Nabataeans excelled at such water conservation (see Post #7 under Sela<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Water pipe channel at entrance to the Siq at Petra \u2014 one part of an extensive water system including 8 springs, 36 dams, over 100 cisterns, and 125 miles of piping\/channels<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 1812 Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, disguised as an Arab merchant, discovered the ancient city of Petra, which he had heard about from Bedouins. The rose red ancient city of Petra sits about 50 miles south of the Dead Sea in Jordan. It occupied a key location along the ancient route by which camel caravans carried spices, perfumes, frankincense, myrrh, and silks throughout the eastern Mediterranean world. The queen of Sheba followed the same spice route to bring her valuable collection of gifts to Solomon (1 Kings 10:1\u20132; cp. Psalm 72:8\u201311). According to Scripture, nobles will bring such gifts to Messiah (Isaiah 60:1\u20137; cp. Matthew 2:1\u201312). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Apostle Paul\u2019s reference to Aretas of Damascus (2 Corinthians 11:32) indicates a king of the Nabataean dynasty of that name. The dynasty centered its power in Petra. A 2nd century BC Nabataean Aramaic inscription on the Petra-Gaza road in the Negev mentions \u201cAretas, King of the Nabataeans.\u201d Aretas IV (9 BC\u2013AD 41) nurtured the formation of Nabataean material culture with its distinctive art, architecture, pottery<\/a>, and peculiar Aramaic script. During his long reign many of Petra\u2019s rock-hewn monuments were constructed (e.g., the Theater and Qa\u1e63r al-Bint). Some have proposed that Al-Khazneh (The Treasury) was his tomb. In many respects, Aretas IV\u2019s cultural achievements parallel those of his contemporary, Herod the Great, whose mother was of Edomite (Idumean) descent. Herod Antipas may have married one of Aretas\u2019 daughters (Sha\u02bfudat?), though he later divorced her and married Herodias. John the Baptist condemned Antipas\u2019 marriage to Herodias and Aretas sought to avenge his daughter\u2019s divorce. Mark 3:8 includes people from Idumea who joined the crowds to hear Jesus’ teaching. It is possible some of those from Idumea actually were inhabitants of Petra. In addition, it is possible that Paul\u2019s Arabian sojourn (Galatians 1:17) might have included a visit to Petra. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Coin from time of Aretas IV \u2014 Petra mint, ca. 9 BC\u2013AD 40.
Obverse: Jugate busts of Aretas laureate and Queen Shaqilath (facing right) \u1e25eth<\/em> and shin<\/em> flanking.
Reverse: Two cornucopiae, crossed; between them, Aramaic\/Nabataean legend: “Aretas, Shaqilath” in three lines. (Photo: Jared Clark)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Rock-hewn tombs along Petra’s Street of Facades<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The area contains over 800 rock-hewn tombs. Petra\u2019s tombs might remind Bible readers of Isaiah\u2019s declaration concerning Shebna, one of Hezekiah\u2019s officials (Isaiah 22:16): “What right do you have here, \/ And whom do you have here, \/ That you have hewn a tomb for yourself here, \/ You who hew a tomb on the height, \/ You who carve a resting place for yourself in the rock?” (NASU).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eusebius (Onomasticon<\/em> 36:13; 142:7; 144:7) and some present day scholars (e.g., Michael Avi-Yonah) identify Petra with the biblical Edomite city of Sela (Judges 1:36; 2 Kings 14:7) \u2014 for which, however, there is little evidence (see Sela<\/strong> in Post #7). So, even though Scripture never speaks of Petra specifically, the biblical connections are fairly numerous and significant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Approach to Petra<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The journey to ancient Petra begins at the modern city outside the Siq \u2014 seen here from atop the High Place of Sacrifice inside ancient Petra.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Reaching the city itself requires walking (or riding in a rented horse-drawn cart) through the Siq, a narrow ravine slicing through deep horizontal layers of sandstone. Most of Petra\u2019s monuments have been carved out of the 975\u20131140-foot thick Umm Ishrin Sandstone Formation. Although many tourists focus on the abrupt and spectacular exit from the Siq revealing Al-Khazneh (The Treasury), the wonders commence as soon as one sets foot inside Petra National Park’s entrance and starts down the path leading to the Siq. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Although inhabitants have populated Petra from the Iron Age (1200\u2013586 BC) to the 20th century, most scholars focus mainly on its role as the ancient capital of the Nabataeans during the Hellenistic period (332\u201363 BC). In fact, archaeologists and historians recognize a period of time known as the Nabataean Period (100 BC\u2013AD 300). Crystal Bennett\u2019s excavations proved Petra was inhabited in the Iron Age. Petra contains a Greco-Roman style theater (capable of seating an estimated 6,000\u20138,000 people), a Roman bath house (Nymphaeum), a huge temple (Great Temple), a colonnaded street, and many tombs. Excavations in 2002, directed by Philip C. Hammond (Arizona State University) and David J. Johnson (Brigham Young University) focused on the conservation of Petra and expanded past examinations of the architecture of the Temple of the Winged Lions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our guides conducted us into the park through the ticket kiosk and along the trail separated from the horse cart road by a rock median. Their interpretive explanations introduced us to the monuments, the Siq, the water system, the Treasury, and the Street of Facades. Arriving at the foot of the trail to the High Place of Sacrifice at 11:00 AM, the guides set us free to explore on our own. Along with a number of other members of our party, I started with the hike up to the High Place of Sacrifice. Then I descended to the Wadi Farasa and back into Petra Valley at Qasr al-Bint. After touring the colonnaded Cardo Maximus, Great Temple, Nymphaeum, and Theater, I purchased lunch and a drink at one of the Bedouin restaurants. Then I toured the Royal Tombs and wandered about a little more before heading back out the Siq, stopping at the recommended shop at Bab as-Siq. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Cave tombs near Djinn Blocks at Bab as-Siq on the trail going to the Siq<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Bab as-Siq (Obelisk Tomb) along the trail leading to the Siq’s entrance<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Stepped tomb near Bab as-Siq (entry to the Siq). The same stepped design appears on the Qasr al-Farid tomb near the town of al-Ula in northwestern Saudi Arabia. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Nabataean tunnel to divert flash flood waters from Wadi Musa and the Siq<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In the 1st century BC the Nabataeans built a dam and diversion tunnel at the entrance to the Siq. The tunnel cuts through the rock for 290 feet to divert flash flood water through the Wadi Muthlim and the Wadi Mataha to the north around Jabal al-Khubtha. Then the water rejoins Wadi Musa in the Petra Valley. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Remnants of Hadrian’s arch at the entry into the Siq (destroyed by 1896 earthquake)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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David Roberts’ painting of Hadrian’s Arch at entrance to the Siq, 1845<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Al-Khazneh (The Treasury)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Access to the interior of The Treasury has been curtailed after excavations in 2003 discovered eleven human burials in three different rock-hewn chambers below the main monument. Steps leading down into the chambers had been carved into the rock. Skeletal remains and Nabataean pottery confirm a date of the 1st century BC for the facade and tombs. Excavators found an altar in front of the northern burial chamber with possible frankincense residue (burned as incense) intact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Corinthian Tomb (left) and Silk Tomb (right) among the Royal Tombs in Petra Valley<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Urn Tomb view out to Petra Valley<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Greco-Roman Theater (seats 6000\u20138000 people)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Altar on High Place of Sacrifice<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Garden Tomb with Triclinium in Wadi Farasa<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Pharaoh’s Column on ridge southwest of Qasr al-Bint on trail to Wadi Farasa<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Roman Gateway (originally triple arches) on the Cardo Maximus near the Great Temple<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

After picking out some gifts at the Bedouin shop, I walked out of the park and back to the hotel. Then I went back out to tour the Petra Museum \u2014 a beautiful facility packed with superb artifacts and a wealth of interpretive information on plaques and in digital presentations. Don’t skip the museum. Many of our party logged between 10 and 15 miles of walking (much of it ascending) on the day. The six major monuments I did not visit included the Monastery (Ad Deir), the Byzantine church, the Crusader fort, the Winged Lion Temple, the Palace Tomb, and the Lion Triclinium. In addition, I would love to take the trail to the summit of Rekem. These are on my list for any future visit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nabataean Inscriptions<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nabataean (or, Edomite) writing occurs on a number of fragmentary inscriptions on both sides of the Arabah. The largest inscription consists of an ostracon from Tel el-Kheleifeh containing a list of names. Joseph Naveh (Hebrew University) first identified Nabataean\/Edomite script as West Semitic influenced by contemporary Aramaic script. Just beyond the Djinn Blocks stands a sandstone cliff with a bilingual inscription. It relates to the Obelisk Tomb and Bab as-Siq Triclinium on the other side of the path. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nabataean text (the upper register) in Aramaic script announces: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u02bfAbdmanku son of Akayus son of Shullay son of \u02bfUtayhu \u2026 built this burial-monument (for himself) and his descendants and their descendants for ever and ever (in the year\u2026) of Maliku, during his lifetime.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Petra \u2014 bilingual inscription near Djinn blocks north of trail to Bab as-Siq<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Maliku<\/em> refers to Malichos II (AD 40\u201370) during whose reign the tomb was prepared. The lower register provides an abbreviated version in Greek with the names Hellenized:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdomanchos son of (Ach)aios made this (funeral) monument for (himself) and for his (chi)ldren.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Petra Museum \u2014 Nabataean inscription from az-Zantur in Petra from 1st century AD<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The az-Zantur inscription, written in Aramaic script, says, “These are the places which were made by son of Diodorus, the commander of the Cavalry for the safety of Aretas, king of Nabataea, and of Queen Hagru … Maliku and his children in the month of Shebat …” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Petra Museum \u2014 2nd century AD Nabataean funerary inscription found at Petra<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Recommended Resources<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biblical Archaeology Review<\/em>\u00a0articles:<\/strong> Hershel Shanks,\u00a0\u201cThe Petra Scrolls,\u201d<\/a>BAR<\/em>\u00a023, no. 1; Avraham Negev,\u201cUnderstanding the Nabateans,\u201d<\/a>BAR<\/em>\u00a014, no. 6; Philip C. Hammond,\u00a0\u201cNew Light on the Nabateans,\u201d<\/a>BAR<\/em>\u00a07, no. 2, and Judith W. Shanks,\u00a0\u201cA Plea for the Bedoul Bedouin of Petra,\u201d<\/a>BAR<\/em>\u00a07, no. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Susan Orlean, \u201cZooming in on Petra,\u201d<\/a>Smithsonian Magazine<\/em> (October 2018) provides a good overview of Petra and explanation of the use of drone photography and LIDAR for mapping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Online Videos:<\/strong> The Smithsonian Channel produced the newest documentary on Petra in its Secrets Series, “Riddle of Petra<\/a>” \u2014 if you have time for only one video documentary, choose this one. \u201cNova: Petra, Lost City of Stone<\/a>\u201d \u2014 70 minutes; providing an updated reproduction demonstrating how the Nabateans carved these stone monuments and a scientific examination of Petra\u2019s water system. \u201cPetra, Jordan<\/a>\u201d \u2014 20 minutes; spectacular views covering a wide sampling of Petra\u2019s sites; no narration, some titles identifying locations. \u201cIn Search of History: The Hidden Glory of Petra<\/a>\u201d \u2014 42 minutes; some interviews with archaeologists. \u201cCivilizations, BBC Two: Petra, Jordan<\/a>\u201d \u2014 4 minutes; purely introductory. \u201cWho Carved These Incredible Structures in the Desert?<\/a>\u201d \u2014 37 minutes; 2019 documentary. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Petra Match me such a marvel save in Eastern clime, a rose-red city half as old as time. \u2014 John William Burgon Biblical Connections Preparing for a tour of Petra provides an opportunity to think about its biblical connections. Petra and its peoples’ histories begin with the history of Abraham’s descendants. When Abraham’s wife Sarah […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2617,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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